Wednesday, July 31, 2019
The anthropology of globalization cultural anthropology enters the 21st century Essay
Cultural Anthropology Introduction Are Quang dab peg and epilepsy the same thing?            Throughout the book, the two words are interpreted differently. They seem to mean the same thing as it can be seen through Lia, whereby the Staff of the Merced Hospital conclude that Lia is suffering from Epilepsy, which further translated to Quag dab peg. However, the Hmong culture interpreted this differently. They believed that Quang dab peg is brought by a bad spirit known as dab, which is accountable of stealing the souls of the victims, thus, making the victim suffer. On the other hand, they believed that epilepsy is a western medicine that is used for the treatment of neurological conditions. Though both Quag dab peg and epilepsy has similar symptoms, each culture interpret the symptoms differently. This makes the both of them to appear differently, making the condition of them be different illness that requires different treatment. Drawing from â€Å"The Spirit Catches You†, the Hmong culture holds that the Quag dab peg as a condition with honor whereby the thoughts of the victim has authority to perceive things that are not visible to other people (Fadiman, 20).Therefore, regardless of the perception of the two cultures, the symptoms of the disease that Lia is suffering from is a clear indication that they are the same, thus, the two words, Quagdabs peg and epilepsy represents the same thing. How doctors and TXIVneebs fix bodies and souls in the book â€Å"The Spirit Catches You†           Drawing from the book, â€Å"The Spirit Catches You†, the doctors and the TXIVneebs were responsible for healing the patients. In both cultures, they used different approaches in line with their understanding about the illness. As such, the methods of the doctors caring for Lia is different from the method her parents would have taken. The doctor feels that, Lia conditions to treat her epilepsy is through writing her prescription and giving her dosages. Though the doctors did not understand how frequent to administer the drug, Lia’s parent also holds that it is not right to give their daughter too many tablets. Nevertheless, they opted for traditional Hmong medicine, including herbal and coin. Moreover, Lees also seek assistance of a Shaman, which is a type of alternative medicine famous among Asian-Americans. How the doctors perceived to treat the Lia’s condition was different from her parents’ perception. Wish ing to utilize Shamans goes with their believe about the symptoms of epilepsy. Shamans usually define their patients as missing intact souls and work to diagnose and treat the condition that cannot be treated by a physician (Fadiman, 28). Through this healing method, it is extremely distinct from the traditional forms of healthcare found in America. Lees prefer this method because of their cultural background, but despite the variation in the methods of healing, both the Lia’s and the Lees doctors conclude that they all want Lia to restore her health. Both the doctors are concerned about the end result of the disease as well as the well being of Lia.            In Hmong culture, the Quag dab peg it treated through shamanic rituals whereby the TXIV were responsible for carrying out the ritual. A TXIVneeb treated the patients on a metaphysical plane as in the case of Lia, whereby Lia’s rituals were usually carried to lure her soul back to her in order to restore her welfare. A TXIV placed a bowl containing sacred water in Lia’s room in the anticipation that her soul would come back. Moreover, they would sacrifice pigs in her parents house and place string on Lia’s wrist so as to keep the soul from escaping. Lia’s doctor could not understand the concept of soul loss in the way the TXIV need to understand to negotiate for Lia’s souls. This was one of the things that brought misunderstanding of both cultures. The cause of Lia illness was misinterpreted by both the doctors and her parents, the belief of Lia’s parents was that Lia was suffering from Quag dab peg while the doctors believed that Lia was suffering from epilepsy. As a result, Lia parents opt to take Lia to tivxneebs for traditional treatment. On the other hand, the doctors contend that Lia condition can only be controlled through antiepileptic medications, which they gave her. The contradictory paradigms of each member bring about misunderstanding of the disease. As a result, different methods for treating Lia are suggested for Lia welfare. For example, Lia’s parents failed to provide Lia with medications because they felt it would harm her, and decided to take Lia to TXIV when she grow up.            However, in both cases, the TXIV and doctor’s requirements were only the same in the fact that they both contacted the house through calls. The work of the doctor is to treat the physical symptoms. In this case, Lia’s epileptic symptoms were treated with different medication such as phenobarbital and Dilantin, whereby the dosages were directed though writing the prescription. Following the above case and given the problems that Lees had, do you think, as Fadiman asks that the â€Å"gulf†between these worlds is unbridgeable?            In my opinion, we cannon holds that the world is unbridgeable. It is only a matter of examining the problems as they occur. Taking Lia case, the doctors held that she was suffering from epilepsy, while the society held that it was Quang dab peg. This was just at this time whereby the statement can hold. In the modern world the breakthrough has developed, which also continues to develop. When Fadina was phrasing the question, she was caught between two different cultures that holds different views. There was complete discord between the doctors and the Hmong(Fadiman, 259).            The hospital staff saw as if Lia’s parent were not caring for her health, but the fact is that they cared and wanted to take her to a traditional doctor, which they had been using. Besides, her mother has been preparing salves for her every day. Therefore, it is clear that the world is bridgeable, though it depends on the people’s perception. It is a matter of time and knowledge in the usage of something, but there will always be a breakthrough in the world. Besides, it is clear that man cannot heal by science alone, there can be other form of mechanisms that can deliver treatment effectively through the cooperation between the doctor and the patient as seen through the tivxneebs doctors. People always seek for the best results to restore their life, regardless of the professionalism, but in the case for Lia, it is just because of the unbridgeable cultural gulf whereby the blame for what and who should have done the treatment should be attached ((Fadiman, 256). Some of the specific practical examples of people/groups that are trying to â€Å"bridge the gulf†in the life or the soul†           One of the relevant group that bridge the gulf in the life is the medical groups. Drawing from Fadiman claims that teaching medicine to students is a perfect job of separating students from their emotions, the various methods that are applied by medical doctors to prevent and treat illness provide the best treatment from traditional forms of treatment. The medical group spendstheir efforts and energy in research so as to provide solutions to problems that affect the society. In most cases, they come up with solutions concerning deadly disease that takes peoples life. For example, they have been able to develop measures for preventing HIV/AIDS, whereby a victim of HIV/AIDS can survive by just taking Antiretriviral drugs (ARVs). The medical groups have provided more attention since the Fadiman book was published because it incited doctors to concentrate on their profession ((Fadiman, 201).            Considering Lia last diagnoses, a health care professional who struggled for almost twelve hours to control her condition did not even noticed her sex. The physician was so dedicated to safe Lia’s life and it might be the reason that Lia survived. This shows clearly that the medical group bridge the gulf in order for the victim to survive. In most cases, the medical group does not sleep, they keep awake trying to provide services to the patients all the time.            Lia was the first Hmong to have ever heard of being treated by different doctors with the aim of saving her life. Most nurses and doctors sacrificed their energy and time to help her get well, although after all she died. Lia’s condition established the turning point to bridge the gulf for the medical group. She was the catalyst for bridging the gulf in minds and hearts and institutions and policies that impact them, thus, contributing to one of the cultural shifts whose root becomes more obscure the more its impact is experienced.            The traditional groups also provide their sacred services with the mere aim of bridging the gulf of life. Through Lia’s case, it is apparent that the TXIVneeb dedicated their effort trying to negotiate for Lia’s life. The TXIV also dedicated their time to cooperate with Lia in the negotiation process. Moreover, the TXIV conducts an effective session of psychological therapy for Lia. Therefore, the traditional groups are also concerned about the life or the soul of the victim and hadly struggle to restore the soul. References Fadiman, Anne. The spirit catches you and you fall down: a Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997. Print. Barnard, A. (1998). Encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology. London: Routledge. Haviland, W. (1996).Cultural anthropology (8th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College. Lewellen, T. (2002).The anthropology of globalization cultural anthropology enters the 21st century. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. Barnard, A. (1998). Encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology. London: Routledge. Haviland, W. (1996).Cultural anthropology (8th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College. Lewellen, T. (2002).The anthropology of globalization cultural anthropology enters the 21st century. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. Source document
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Freedom: John Stuart Mill Essay
1. John Stuart Mill: Freedom Freedom is generally defined, by a dictionary, as the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited (Cambridge). This means there is no interference or influence in ones’ actions or opinions by anyone else. There is no domination or dictatorial government who affects these actions or opinions. John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher and economist, gives a similar view on freedom as the Cambridge dictionary, and looks at the ‘nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual’ (Mill, 6). Mill’s view of freedom, as he writes in his book On Liberty, is that â€Å"Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign,†(Mill, 13). By this he means that an individual is free when they make independent choices, have independent opinions and have independent actions. When a person thinks and acts without the influence of outside opinion, a person exercises his or her own freedom. Mill divides human liberty into three regions. The first is the ‘domain of the conscience’ and ‘liberty of thought and feeling,’ (Mill, 15). The second is the ‘liberty of tastes and pursuits,’ and ‘framing the plan of your life’ (Mill, 16). The third region is ‘the freedom to unite, for any purpose not involving harm to others’ (Mill, 16). He states that if a society has a respect for these three regions of human liberty, then a society is free (Mill, 16). ‘The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it’ (Mill, 16). However, he states that if an individual exercises their freedom in a way that threatens harm to another, there should be interference to prevent harm from being done. He asserts that the only time anyone can interfere with or exercise power over an individual’s liberty is when that individual is threatening harm to another and this interference is used for self-protection, (Mill, 13). If an individual is practicing their own freedom in their own way, without preventing others from doing so, then there should be no interference with the individual. For example, if an individual decides to drink an alcoholic beverage, such as a beer, at 10 in the morning, then there should be no interference with that. He knows alcohol is harmful, he is choosing to drink the beer and as long as his actions do not interfere with anyone else then he should not be interfered with. However if his drinking makes him violent, and he decides to start a fight with someone else, there should be interference to prevent the intoxicated individual from causing harm to another individual. Mill’s states that the right of liberty does not apply to children, ‘those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others’ or ‘backward states of society’ (Mill, 14). Another struggle discussed by Mill in his book, is the struggle between society and the individual about which should have control over the individual’s actions. Mill observes that the world seems to be in a place where in a society, laws and public opinion have more power over an individuals’ actions and thoughts, than the individual has over himself. However society seems to prefer conformity and even demand it. Mill argues that due to conformity, an individual is unable to make meaningful choices, which keeps him from personal development. He believes that freedom, along with individuality, is essential to both individual as well as social progress (Mill, 66). Conformity keeps people from learning from each other and they are unable to approach their life in an appealing way. In his opinion, â€Å"the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race,†(Mills, 19.) When contrasting Mill’s view on freedom with the Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinozas’ view, there is a clear difference. Spinoza defined freedom as self-caused, which implied that only God can be free (Kisner, 8). He did not believe that humans could be free because we are not free from being determined by outside agents (McKinnon, 109). He also believed that finite things, such as a humans’ brain, could not make a choice that was not caused by external factors. In Spinoza’s IIp48 he asserted that â€Å"In the Mind there is no absolute, or free, will, but the Mind is determined to will this or that by a cause that is also determined by another, and this again by another, and so to infinity.†He did not believe in free will, because he strongly believed that something cannot be caused by nothing, therefore God is the only entity that is free, as he is not limited by outside agents (Kisner, 12). For example, an individual taking a sip of water could argue that they did so because they chose to do so. However external factors are involved as the choice to drink water could be because they wanted to prove that they have free will, which would be because they believed in free will. The individual could also have chosen to drink water because of thirst, which was caused by the individual’s body losing water, which could be a cause of playing sports in the hot sun, due to being part of a school sports team, and so on until infinity. Friedrich August Hayek, an Austro-Hungarian economist and philosopher, has an interesting similar yet opposing view from Mill’s. His view of freedom is when an individual is not a part of ‘coercion by the arbitrary will of another or others’ (Lukes, 160) but also that it is ‘not the absolute liberty to do as one pleases, rather it is a recognition of the necessity of law and morality in order to ensure that human interaction is cooperative and orderly,’ (Horwitz). For Hayek freedom depends on whether an individual can make his own individual decisions on what course of action to take, or whether somebody else uses power to manipulate this person’s choice of action, to make the individual act as they want them to (Lukes, 160). Hayek states that a society with law should try and maintain negative freedom, the freedom to not do anything prohibited and to avoid positive freedom, giving people the power to do things, which allows people to be absent from coercion, as there is no inequality in power under the law (Roberts). Hayek and Mill share the belief that freedom involves no coercion. An individual should not be manipulated or forced to do something that the individual did not decide himself. However Hayek and Mill disagree on the view of conformity. While Hayek states that law and morality are important for a society, Mill disagrees and says that it keeps individuals from progressing, and that it hurts a society as a whole. In conclusion, there are many philosophers who have contrasting as well as similar views on freedom as John Stuart Mill. Mill believes that a person is responsible for his or herself, the way the act, what their opinion is, and should not be interfered with unless the individual poses a threat to someone else. Bibliography MLA Cambridge University. â€Å"Definition of Freedom Noun from Cambridge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus.†Cambridge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus – Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University, 2010. 11 Sept. 2011. . Horwitz, Steven. â€Å"Hayek and Freedom.†The Freeman. May 2006. 13 Sept. 2011. . Kisner, Matthew J. Spinoza on Human Freedom: Reason, Autonomy and the Good Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2011. Lukes, Steven. Power: a Radical View. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. McKinnon, Catriona. Issues in Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty: 1859. 4th ed. London: Longman, Roberts & Green, 1869. < http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/mill/liberty.pdf> Roberts, Andrew. â€Å"Friedrich Hayek and Freedom.†Study More. Middlesex Universty, 2007. 13 Sept. 2011. .
Monday, July 29, 2019
What are the key similarities and differences between neorealism and Essay
What are the key similarities and differences between neorealism and neoliberalism - Essay Example The debate within the length of this paper is to establish the main differences that exist between neorealism and neoliberalism, find out the shared assumptions that exist between the two theories and lastly pinpoint the issues that have been left unquestioned by both the neorealism and the neoliberalism bases. The role played by both neorealists and neoliberalists as well as the opponents of the same theories have also been highlighted during the length of this paper. Thus in all essence, a deep and incisive look has been provided to the two theories at hand and every effort is possibly made to establish a link with each other’s traits and characteristics. In conclusion, a significant foundation has been discussed with respect to the two theories and the learning that has been brought forward by the respective theory at hand. A theory of international relations – neorealism is also known by the name of structural realism. It was coined by Kenneth Waltz in the year 1979 in his famous book ‘Theory of International Politics’ where his premise was in support of having a global structure which could act as a restraining force on the behaviors of the state. This was deemed significant because the states which had their outcomes within the expected range could make their way and survive in the related midst. Thus neorealism can easily be remarked as a similar system to the microeconomic model which makes use of organizations setting price and quantity equations on the structure of the market. Neorealism looks to explore the classical realist thinking ideology of E H Carr, Niebuhr and Morgenthau. Neorealism has been brought forward by the incorporation of American political science domains. It wants an attachment with the strongly linked and positively inclined social science. (Gilbert, 1999) On the other hand, neoliberalism encompasses a political movement that includes within it the economic liberalism. What this economic
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Data, Information and Communication in Organizations Management Essay - 10
Data, Information and Communication in Organizations Management - Essay Example Data needs analysis and interpretation with probable possibilities to enable for the proper development of information in management processes. Communication incorporates data processing by the sender through channels in a manner that the recipient can understand. Communication within organizations requires clear and well-defined channels, which pass instructions to various stakeholders within organizations. Organizations use well-analyzed data, processed information and channeled communication to improve efficiency and effectiveness in networking and team building among employees. The use of data within an organization enables the disclosure of various facts that are invaluable in the implementation management practices. At Nike Company where I serve, for instance, the use of statistical data to know the population of people using Nike products assists in the production of a significant number of products that serve all customers. Statistical information on Nike products gives figures on how Nike products get into the market and the level of their demand and supply. Proper application of the statistics ensures appropriate production in the company without any shortage in the marketplace. Based on the theory of price mechanism, especially in management, the use of data in organizations gives them the real figures on demand and supply chains. Therefore, the use of data in organizations en ables for the implementation of demand and supply theory in management (International Conference On The Bookmark Of The School Of The Future, Taylor & Hogenbirk, 2013, p. 138). Information increases efficiency in organizations by expanding knowledge among stakeholders on the proper operations and management techniques. Remarkably, the use of information allows various employees and customers to equip themselves with ideas on various products and their use.Â
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Frankenstein (1818 Book) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Frankenstein (1818 Book) - Research Paper Example Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein effectively renders the audience horrified at the chief thought that humans themselves can create life from the dead. Through science, the epistemological capacity of Shelley’s work reflects the possibility to explore the yet unknown so that by fiction, it is able to promote varied concepts whose substance may impress upon a range of perceptions from being a magical wonder to an object of fright. The ensuing madness in Victor as a science student who has severely detached himself from the norms of the living to defy human limits potentially makes a horrifying attribute to the story where one could well associate mental derangement with crime or a series of morbid acts to follow scheming beyond sanity. Frankenstein, hence, is psychologically addressed in the light of this context. As a tool of suspense, similarly, the laboratory settings where Frankenstein conducts crude experimentation all the more appear to intensify the creepy effect of sce narios in which one is led to anticipate the horrible triumph of reconstructing life from the patches of grave-buried fleshes. Shelly manages to stir anxiety into audience sensation by directing the theme to be understood in the nature of ancient alchemy blended with some futuristic science as portrayed via the notion that high volts of electricity would ignite reflexes to the initially lifeless man-made creature. The monstrous appearance of Victor’s creation as well as the serial killings that follow upon the creature’s escape from his workplace further constitutes the elements to gothic mystery and horror. The author gradually relieves the story from this stage in pursuit of demonstrating the capacity of the creature to separate beastly instincts from its recognition of moral values. In the novel, the creature is said to have attained self-realization by guiding himself to obtain knowledge through literature, as by reading Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’ . On the contrary, while he remains speechless with only grunting or growling to express, the 1931 film agrees to indicate development of rational qualities as the creature observes the cottagers to figure how humans communicate to share sensible concerns through emotions and use of intellect or reasoning. From these circumstances, he weaves and even struggles to acquire concept of himself in relation to humanity and the affinity of human beings to values based on spiritual beliefs. Shelley alludes in her story that although the brutish entity possesses a culprit’s brain, a portion of his nature still tends to innocent quest for self-identity and yearning to earn society’s approval. If one asks who the actual monster is in Frankenstein, by meditation of each principal character, the question may adequately draw response from the story’s ontological approach when the monster finds himself wandering with delight as he randomly explores with knowledge of human expe rience and spiritual faith or conviction. The burden of guilt may not be readily designated upon a brute who is amoral prior to self-awareness of which Shelley’s justification adequately provides evidence. Apparently, it is Victor Frankenstein who should receive the blame for following his instincts of mechanically forming life without paying regard to sound logic and the appalling consequences of his irrational endeavor. He deliberately neglects moral thought and this is the primary ground for the loss of his loved ones, so in effect,
Friday, July 26, 2019
How has the solicitor's regulation changed in the UK Essay
How has the solicitor's regulation changed in the UK - Essay Example In this paper, a position is taken that the most effective form of change to regulation relating to solicitors can only achieve its intended purposes if the changes are comprehensive and holistic enough. In the light of this, changes that have taken place over the years by way of training system as well as regulatory structure governing solicitors are all subjected to critical review. There will also be a special review of the Human Rights Act 1998 to examine how it has impacted on the regulation of solicitors. The issue of self-regulation by the solicitors’ profession will also be reviewed. Training and ethics are two important phenomena in ensuring quality standard of practice by solicitors everywhere across the globe (Cooper, 2013). This is because through training, prospective lawyers are given the kind of education and professional nurturing, needed to ensure that they go about their duties as exceptional professionals. Meanwhile, a person’s individual ethical standards can also be a determining factor as to whether or not the person would heed to training instructions and practice professionally (Boon, 2014). To reconcile these two positions therefore, it is important that the training system for solicitors in UK will be structured in a way that ensures that only people who can be deemed as ethical individuals are admitted. Indeed many have questioned the importance of ensuring that admission for training for solicitors is based on only people who can be considered as ethical individuals. In response to this, Case (2013) observed that the law profession is a highly sensitive one, requiring strong and high standards of practice to ensure that a practitioner will hold fast to doing what is right. What this means is that lawyers have a lot of discretion in their practice as far as their actions are based on law. For this reason, it is
Why did Christianity become the religion of the Roman Empire Term Paper
Why did Christianity become the religion of the Roman Empire - Term Paper Example Rome citizens lost civic virtue by succumbing to various barbaric invasions (Curran 51). They outsourced the duty to secure the empire from external mercenaries who later were famous which led them to take up the rule of the empire. Pagans increased their level of sacrifices from the fact that Christians had a belief that life existed after one was dead (Bonnet & Mitchell 511). The decline of the Roman Empire is in other regions like North America, it is connected to the rise of a dissenting form of Christianity. In the ancient period, Rome was evil, and decline was due to Christians overcoming their prosecutors. It was in Galerius’ reign that Christians in Rome would freely worship. Galerius being one of the figures in prosecutions granted the practice of the Christian religion in April 311 (Curran 53). Christians enjoyed the right of a legally accepted religion of Rome (Bonnet & Mitchell 511). Christianity was able to gain more members to its faith by the time Galerius term ended. After the reign of Galerius, Constantine took up the Rome Empire; it was during his rule that Christians encountered a turning point. In Constantine, his law, Christianity had significant developments; it became an officially recognized religion. This was made possible when Constantine made use of Christian signs and symbols in his reign although other previous religions such as the sun worship were still observed. Constantine built an entirely Christian architecture that had churches in it and lacked any pagan temples (Sheridan 189). A foundation had been set for what is seen today as the center and origin of the Christian world. Constantius, who was Constantines son, ensured that all pagan sacrifices were banned on the Roman land. Gibbon being paganism challenged the history of the church by the small number of martyrs at the time (187). The church’s traditions were barely questioned. Gibbon believed that the church books were purely secondary materials this is
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Discipline policy in elementary schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Discipline policy in elementary schools - Essay Example It is seen to promote the art of cramming as opposed to reading and understanding the concept. Giving students tests that require them to fill in the blank spaces as opposed to those test that they are required to explain a particular concept is not advisable (Greenwood, Kratochwill & Clements, 2008). This makes the students not to be able to develop the art of making sound decision on their own. It degrades their level of thinking critically about what they have learned in class. When the students get involved in the process of decision-making, they get to learn how they will be able to make their own sound decisions with ease. This is a very important aspect in a person’s life since it goes a long way in helping a person in his/her own personal as well as career life. Group work enables the students to be able to discuss a given issue in unison. It enables the students to dispute an issue in an acceptable way. It enables a student in a group to appreciate the point raised by another student in the group, and not to only be in favor of the point that he/she has raised. It enables a student to be able to understand that another student’s point is just as good as his or hers. Parents should support the school fraternity in instilling discipline in their children’s life. Most of the parents usually leave this task for the teachers, and this can be overwhelming for them. The parents should also take up the responsibility of disciplining their children. Therefore, the parents and the teachers should work hand-in-hand to ensure that the students are well disciplined. The teachers should take up their role diligently. They should use proper methods of disciplining students. They should not punish the students severely. They should give them punishments that are mild and proper. In case a student goes out of line, then the teacher should get the student’s parents and they
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Entomology. insect. Sexual Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Entomology. insect. Sexual Selection - Essay Example The two point mandibles found in the male beetle are because of sexual selection. In the case of stag beetles, the males fight and the females choose the strongest. This ensures that the female choose and reproduce with males who posses their favourable characters. Sexual selection is only for male and that is why the male develop adaptive and non-adaptive features to attract the female. The male beetle genital morphology comprises of two outstanding and general models of morphological variation. This morphological variation includes swift evolutionary divergence both in shape and in complexity as well as poor relationship with body size as suggested by Simmons, Tomkins and Hunt (1999). The aspect of sexual selection causes these variations. Some of the variations are non-adaptive, for instance, the reduction of the scaling relationship between the genital size and the body size. The idea that evolution of new traits is followed by trade-offs is important in evolutionary studies. The weapons used by the male stag beetle in fighting can be physiologically expensive and are mostly trade offs with investment in other characters, like spermatogenic investment and wings. This investment into other weapons results in the evolution of mating strategies for the male beetles. For instance, the enlarged mandibles used for male-to-male competition. The male-male fight in sexua l selection accounts for the evolution of exaggerated traits used as weapons in male competition. The exaggerated characters can be responsible for the dispersal and ejaculatory strategies. The change of investment into other traits or weapons for competition can lead to evolutionary changes in life history characters. Since investment in exaggerated traits can cause trade-offs alongside other traits related to fitness, life history tactics are affected by evolution of sexually selected behaviour. During evolution, the males’ population
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Social media plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Social media plan - Coursework Example E-communication is a computerized system that enables financial transaction be able to be completed in a fast manner and with proper confidentiality. It is mostly used by customers while paying for a particular service (Kevin, 2011).In our case study which is the Jet Chatter Company the role of social media will be to target the market by ensuring the information about which service is open and when the arrival and departure time is for the next plane The plan is to understand how the jet company can use social media to its advantage without missing it. It can use it to inform passengers on the delayed or also on the new packages that the business has. It is important to note that the solution of the social media is to ensure that communication is efficient and received in a far wider area. It is for this reason social media should be embraced. Social media canals be used as an inquiry desk and complains area this can help lessen the time taken by customers and employees in going to the offices physically and this will help in adjusting and ensuring that information is received in a timely manner. It enhances customer education regarding the issues facing and going on in the jet chatter company. When customers are aware of what they are doing it is easier to update them on other issues and this will boost on the companies transparency. In the Jet Chatter Company it is important to understand the services that should be offered by the social media unit. Through the use of social media they can use to empower customers to interact and also understand other services that are needed for the business to include. Feedback are important for any business to grow and it for this fact that the management of the Jet management group should be serious enough to ensure that a lot is considered so as to receive as many complaints as
Monday, July 22, 2019
African and Native American Slavery Essay Example for Free
African and Native American Slavery Essay The 1500s, a time of discovery, was when the Europeans came to dominate most of the New World. The Europeans traveled to Africa and captured Africans to help develop their land and satisfy their need for power. I feel that the treatment of the Indians and Africans by the Europeans was completely unjustifiable. While the Indians and Africans were less technologically advanced and the Europeans were uneducated, in this particular field, nothing can compensate for the actions of the Europeans. As Europeans began to settle new lands they began their exploration of the foreign worlds. What they found was the opposite of what they expected. They found what they thought was a new breed of humans. In reality they were just Native Americans. These Indians were less technologically advanced than the Europeans. They also worshipped different and multiple gods and ate different foods. Europeans saw this as barbaric, so they treated them as barbarians. In the beginning Native Americans hadnt the faintest idea of what the Europeans had in mind when they said trade. They figured that when the White Man came and showed all that hospitality they meant it. Of course, they didnt, the Europeans captured the Indians to be used as slaves. They were also slaughtered and raped because of resistance to leave their land. If any Indians refused to leave their land they would be killed. The women were raped for sick and disgusting reasons. Europeans didnt feel that the women, or men for that matter, were worth anything as humans so they were beat and raped without any thought about what they might be doing. As we watched the movie Roots, I noticed a part in the movie where they were on a ship and a man brings in a black woman, who was a slave. The man offered her to the ships captain and referred to her as a belly warmer. That got me to thinking what could be going on in that mans head as he said that. When I heard that I was shocked that a man could treat someone like that. People have feelings and cannot be treated as objects. Maybe the Europeans didn t realize that these people were, in fact people, and that drove them to this awful conclusion that they could treat people this way. As Europeans settled their land and began to build houses, farms and plantations, they realized that they needed servants to assist them in their farming. So people would travel to Africa capture blacks and then sell them to merchants and plantation owners. They would then beat them and put them to long, grueling work. They would treat them as they did the Indians, and for much the same reason. They figured that since the blacks were black and appeared to be less advanced then they must be less significant. People of the next generation whose parents owned slaves and grew up thinking slaves were okay is understandable. I just dont feel that anything could justify treating the slaves they way they did. they had absolutely no respect for them. They would savagely beat them to get them to work harder than humanly possible and they would rape the women. I dont think that I will ever know how any one could do such a thing. I conclusion I strongly feel that the way Europeans treated people that were less technologically advanced is completely and utterly wrong. It is difficult to contemplate what was going on in their heads as they were capturing them, killing them and even raping them. I can not believe how they could think that the color of someones ones skin or religious beliefs could make them less human. I am glad I live in a country based on the belief that all men are created equal.
Benefits Of Running As Exercise English Language Essay
Benefits Of Running As Exercise English Language Essay Your top should be a wicking fabric, not cotton. Cotton will trap moisture, get heavy, chafe more. A wicking material will draw the moisture away from your skin, making it easier to get rid of excess heat and also offering some protection from rain. Examples include Nike Dri-fit, Adidas Climalite, Mizuno Drylite you get the idea. A lot of races will give running tops to entrants, so you dont need to buy too many. You will warm up pretty quickly when youre running, so for most of the year a shortsleeved top is fine. For your lower half shorts or running tights Running shorts should be light and also made of wicking material. If its colder, you could wear some running tights or running trousers Everyday tracksuit bottoms will have the problem that theyre not made of the right material, so theyll get heavy and cling when theyre wet, and be too hot when its warm. Socks dont have to be anything special. The Aldi and Lidl running socks are very popular, though some people swear by more expensive brands. The key consideration is protection from blisters, so you need socks that will help get rid of moisture, and fit well. Speaking of blisters, they are caused by a combination of three things: heat, moisture, and friction. Cut out one of those and you wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t get blisters. Heat is hard to eliminate completely, but make sure your shoes have some ventilation. Wicking socks will draw moisture away from your feet. Well-fitting shoes and socks will reduce friction. If you do get blisters, compeed plasters are the best treatment. Shoes Dont buy some runners because a friend wears them and says theyre good. There is no right pair of runners for everyone. The right pair for you depends on the shape of your foot your gait the amount of miles you intend to run in them your weight the conditions youll run in Go to a shop where you can get expert advice, not some random tracksuits-and-runners shop. Gait analysis is a useful tool, but the main thing is that the staff in the shop know what theyre talking about. Running in Winter Remember that you will generate heat from running, so you dont need to pile on too many layers. A long-sleeved top and running tights might be enough. You could add gloves, hats, and a jacket things that you can take off when youve warmed up. Reflective material is a priority in winter either bright clothes, or a reflective belt/jacket on top. If possible make sure that the reflectives are on the moving parts of your body, arms and legs. A headlamp is useful if youre not running in daylight, or under streetlamps. Getting started Not really equipment, but there are a few common mistakes people make when they start running they dash off on a run, get out of breath and shuffle home thinking they cant do it they train too much, get hurt, stop running they train too little, get out of the habit, stop running they settle on an easy routine, and never improve All of these problems have the same solution. Set yourself a target, and follow a proper training plan to get there. If you are just starting out, follow the couch25k running plan. This is a simple programme, that anyone can follow, works for any standard, and will get you to the point where you can run a 5k. Loads of people have followed it successfully. Its three sessions a week, no more than 30 minutes each session, which is enough to keep you improving but should be easy to fit into your life. (If you need to repeat a week, repeat a week. If youre having trouble completing the runs, slow down) Find a 5k a few months away, and make that your target. Having a target in mind will make it easier to stick with the programme. If youve run your first 5k and want to get faster, or run further, then set another target and follow a training plan. There are plans out there for every distance (the Hal Higdon ones are very beginner-friendly), and following a good plan will ensure you get the right mix of training and build consistently. Running further As you run longer distances, three issues will become more important hydration, nutrition, and chafing. Hydration If youre running for less than an hour, a drink of water before you start and more water when you finish is probably enough. If youre running for longer, you should plan to drink some water on your way around. Very roughly, a 500 mls bottle of water if youre running up to 2 hours, another if you run up to 3 hours. But this will depend on how fit you are, how fast youre running, how hot the day is, and your general condition. You should be well-hydrated before your run (straw-coloured urine), drink when youre thirsty on your run, and drink when you get back. If you weigh yourself immediately before and after your run, the weight loss you see is down to loss of water that will give you an idea of how much you should be drinking. In a race (over 5 miles distance), there should be water stations every 3 miles. On a training run, your options are to bring water with you (in a camelbak or waist pack), bring money with you and stop into a shop on the way, or go out beforehand and stash water along the route. Nutrition You will also have to think more about nutrition for longer runs. You have to make sure you have energy to run the best source is slow-release carbohydrates, such as porridge. But you dont want to run too soon after eating, because the food will sit uncomfortably in your stomach. Most people prefer not to run for an hour after eating something substantial, but everyone is different. Over longer distances, many people use energy gels. These are carbohydrate rich, and fairly easy to digest while running. There are a lot of different brands and flavours, but two basic types the standard gels, that should be washed down with water, and isogels, that can be taken on their own. Everyone has their own preferences, so try a few different types. And try them in a training run before using them in a race. Finally, remember that you put in is going to come out again, one way or another, so plan ahead. You dont want to have to make a pit-stop halfway through your run. Know what schedule your body is on, and what food your stomach will react to. Chafing As you run longer distances, youll notice you start to get sore in different places where theres a seam in your clothes, and around the nips (for men) Use Bodyglide (or vaseline, but its bad for your clothes?) around the affected areas. Use plasters, micropore tape, or nipguards to prevent the dreading bleeding nipples. Timing The cheapest option is to use a stopwatch to time your run, and use mapmyrun (or a similar site) to measure the distance. Next cheapest is a watch linked to a pedometer (the Nike + for example) The pedometer isnt great for accuracy basically you calibrate it by running a known distance, it says okay, that km took X steps and from then on calculates distance run by counting steps and comparing to X. Which is fine, as long as your stride length doesnt change. If you recalibrate regularly, it should be within 5-10% of your actual distance. When you upload your run it will tell you (roughly) how fast you were going at different stages. A GPS watch (such as a Garmin) uses a satellite signal to calculate your position and your position a second later and another second later and so on. It uses this data to calculate how far youve travelled, and how fast (and will usually have a range of other features such as programmed workouts, heart rate monitors, etc). They usually cost at least 150 quid. If you have an iPhone, there are several apps you can use to track your time and distance, such as Runmeter.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Difference between international and comparative HRM
Difference between international and comparative HRM The growth in international trade and globalisation has encouraged firms to expand their operations worldwide, which has resulted in the emergence of new markets such as China, India, South East Asia and Latin America. This trend has also been accompanied by an increased level of competition amongst firms at both national and international level. The challenge of managing a workforce worldwide with different cross-cultural skills, competencies and demographic characteristics means that managers can no longer rely on traditional HRM models developed for Anglo-Saxon countries. Many firms underestimate the complexities involved in international operations, and there is some evidence to suggest that business failures in the international arena may often be linked to poor management of human resources (Desatnick Bennett, 1978). Western academics and practitioners have thus moved from traditional international HRM issues to the area of comparative HRM. In order to maximize cross-national management capabilities, there is need to understand how employees in different national settings respond to similar concepts within their particular functions. This essay has been structured as follows. In the next section, I will examine the difference between international and comparative HRM. I will then look at the way comparative HRM assist academics and practitioners appreciate the differences in the strategies and processes in MNCs. A conclusion is then presented. Difference between international and comparative HRM International HRM has been defined as HRM issues, functions, policies and practices that result from the strategic activities of MNEs (Scullion, 1995). IHRM deals principally with issues and problems associated with the globalisation of capitalism. It involves the same elements as domestic HRM but is more complex to manage, in terms of the diversity of national contexts and types of workers. The emphasis is on the MNCs ability to attract, develop and deploy talented employees in a multinational setting and to get them to work effectively despite differences in culture, language and locations. International HRM tends to mitigate the impact of national culture and national employment practice against corporate culture and practices. Comparative HRM, on the other hand, is a systematic method of investigation that seeks to explain the patterns and variations encountered in cross-national HRM rather than simply describe HRM institutions and practices in different societies. According to comparative HRM literature, different national business systems arise from differences in specific historical, cultural and institutional heritage in certain countries. Comparative differences occur due to decisive historical events such as the process of industrialisation or due to the legacy of pre-modern forms of social organisation. Hofstedes (1980) adopted the culturalist perspective where he argued that national business styles emerge due to ingrained cultural attitudes and mental schemas. He described culture under five dimensions which are power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation. Other researchers claim that HR management practices differ between nations due to the presence of specifically national institutions such as education, banking services or state/legal support. In what ways (if at all) does an understanding of comparative HRM assist academics and HR practitioners appreciate the difference in the strategies and processes in MNCs which are often termed as International HRM? The contrasted view to a divergence point mentioned above is that some academics claim that with HRM policies and practices are becoming universal (tending more towards the dominant American models) and that country-of-origin effects are no longer relevant. The pressure to build standardised operations internationally is strongest in sectors where competition is highly internationalised and where firms compete on the basis of a similar product or service across countries such as in cars and fast foods. They have put forward several reasons to explain this trend. Firstly, all MNCs operate in one global market and therefore have to respond to the same environmental pressures such as globalisation and technology, the growth in international trade and the move towards an internationally-integrated financial system. Secondly, the widespread practice of benchmarking best practice in terms of cost, quality and productivity may also have contributed to convergence of international HRM models for e.g. Japanese style lean-production system in the 1980s and 1990s. Moreover, these pressures towards convergence stem in part from the influence of MNCs themselves through their ability to transfer practices across borders and erode country-of-origin effects. Finally, the formation and development of like-minded international cadres mostly from American or European business schools may have contributed to homogenised international HRM policies and practices. Since the early 1990s, the international HRM literature has been dominated by models and typologies aimed at identifying how international HR fits with organisational strategy. Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998) argue that the main issue for all multinational companies is the need to trade-off the advantages global efficiency namely the coordination of its operations to achieve economies of scale and scope as opposed to the need to differentiate its products and services to meet the local demands. They also identified a third pressure, namely worldwide innovation and learning, whereby firms are encouraged to support innovation and learning across their network of subsidiaries rather than simply relying on research and development at the headquarters. MNEs then follow the appropriate HRM policies and practices according to the structure of the organisation, the competitive strategy chosen or stage of corporate evolution reached. Below, the Taylors (1996) model of strategic international HRM has been described. Exportive This is essentially a model where the HQ management takes home country management approach and try to implement them in their foreign subsidiaries in order to achieve economies of scale. In this model, there is a system of hierarchy and a centralised control. This is especially useful in instances of uncertain political environment and high risks demanding greater control from corporate parents. Given this pattern of centralisation, there is a considerable amount of forward policy transfer and less reverse transfer from subsidiaries to the HQ, i.e. they rely mainly on the technical know-how of the parent company. Global firms offer products or services that are standardised to enable production to be carried in a cost-efficient way. Their subsidiaries are not subject to rigid control except over the quality and the presentation of the product or service. This structure is normally associated with the American firms with their formalised, bureaucratic control and a dominant finance sy stem to internalise risks. Adaptive Differences in the host environment demands and conditions mean that overseas subsidiaries have to operate independently. This is common where departing from established practices in host environments is unlawful. For example, in some Germany, there is a legal obligation to negotiate with employee representatives concerning major organisational changes. In other cases, transferring practices may be legal but would go against traditional practices at the risk of losing goodwill from staff. Firms may decide to forgo HQ control if there is the possibility to exploit most efficiently the local labour markers. For example, MNCs which origin from high-cost highly regulated economies such as Germany may well choose not to transfer important elements of their HR systems such as collective bargaining or apprenticeship if they move to lower wage, lightly regulated economies such as China. Integrative It is also argued that the more management processes and activities can be integrated across geographical boundaries, the easier it is to share resources and knowledge. They can identify and best use the skill and management talent that exists across the MNC network allowing for both global integration and local differentiation. As mentioned previously, international HRM processes consist of the same activities as domestic HRM but applied in an international context. These include an accurate human resource planning to ensure that the MNCs have the right people at the right place around the world, good staffing policies that capitalise on the world-wide expertise of expatriates and locals, performance appraisals that fit with the competitive strategies of the HQ, adequate training and development to ensure that expatriates do not suffer from culture shock and compensation policies that are strategically and culturally relevant. The focus in international HRM strategy is how MNEs coordinate their geographically dispersed operations strengthening the organisational culture, promoting commitment and encouraging willingness in employees to act in the interests of the firm. Recruitment and selection of international managers Employees play a crucial role in sustaining and coordinating their geographically dispersed operations. The challenge is that of resourcing international operations with people of the right calibre. Traditionally, MNEs sent expatriates, i.e. a parent country national abroad to ensure that the policies and procedures set by the parent -company were being followed as well as to bring expertise to the local employees. However, the high number of expatriate failures has meant that more and more MNEs are turning to host country nationals to satisfy the international staffing needs. The prominent reason to explain international assignment failures was the inability of the expatriate or his family to cope with the culture shock. Researchers revealed that international business travellers faced problems in their personal lives and were victims of stress. Moreover, changes in legislative conditions affecting labour relations combined with security issues have made it more costly to use expatr iates at senior management positions at subsidiary level. The advantages of employing local nationals are that they are familiar with local markets, the local communities, the cultural setting and the local economy. They speak the local language and are culturally assimilated. They can take a long-view and contribute for a long period (as distinct from expatriates who are likely to take a short-term perspective). Expatriates are only used as technical troubleshooters and general management operatives. This means academics need to find the best ways to recruit and select local managers and help them cultivate a global perspective rather than a narrow outlook on how to conduct business in the local environment. International pay and reward and performance management The concept fair pay and reward is also subject to different interpretations depending on the national business system. Triandis (1998) differentiated between vertical cultures which accept hierarchy as given whereas horizontal cultures accept equality as given. In individualistic cultures, there are few rules and norms about correct behaviour and employees expect to be rewarded on their own merits and performance. Countries like US feature at the higher end of the individualistic spectrum. On the other hand, collectivism emerges in societies that have many rules and regulations about correct behaviour. In these societies, employees accept rewards or recognition on the basis of their seniority, efficiency and conformity with the organisational values rather than on the basis of their creativity or professionalism (Pascale and Athos, 1981). China is an example of a collectivist society. In such societies, rewards for individual performance or differentiating between employees are not acceptable. Indeed, the prevailing view is that it takes the contribution from everyone to achieve continuous improvement (kaizen) in Japanese enterprise. Singling one employee may cause him to lose face and consequently a loss of goodwill for the expatriate manager. Moreover, an understanding of the body language is vital for senior expatriate managers when providing feedbacks. While in individualistic society, it is perfectly acceptable for a subordinate to participate in a discussion with his senior, in collectivist societies such as India, disagreeing with ones supervisor is considered disrespectful. Furthermore, countries like Korea and Taiwan prefer more subtle ways of communicating feedbacks. Up-front reprimand or performance appraisal is likely to clash with the societys norms of harmony and the employees may view it as a personal affront. Understanding these local customs and mapping them across countries is an exciting field of study for researchers interested in global performance management systems. Training and development Training and development is vital to ensure that the workforce remains competent and flexible by developing the know-how thought necessary for success in the company and on the job. Scholars have highlighted the importance of national culture on training and development in terms of the hard and soft approach. The hard approach views employees in the organisation as a mere resource to achieve goals of the organisation while the soft approach views them more as valued assets capable of development (Tyson and Fell, 1986). This approach obviously influence the level amount of institutional (percentage GDP) spent on education. The German tradition adopts the soft approach and relies on formal apprenticeship, functional rotation and career path where technical expertise is gradually developed. UK which support the hard approach, believes that the individual is responsible for funding his own education and career advancement. This difference in national training and education systems will m ean that the skill and competence profile of the workers available on the labour market will vary from one country to another. Comparative studies have also shown that there are national differences in the way that managerial careers and management development are organised. Both Japan and France rely on elite recruitment, that is, future managers are decided at the point of entry based on their exceptional qualifications. This contrasts with the American belief of self-improvement where the philosophy is its never too late to change. Also, there are also noticeable differences in the teaching and learning style across countries. The idea of working in groups is more natural to Asian than individualist Anglo-Saxon managers. German and Swiss managers favour structured learning environments and coming to the right answers and are tolerant of confrontation. Asian countries, in contrast, are more concerned about status differences and may be unwilling to exchange ideas against their mentors. This will consequently impact on the format of delivering training for the practitioner, whereby the Asian employees might prefer lecture-type training and German and Swiss might prefer the seminar-type interpersonal interaction. Employment relations Finally, the type of employee relations pursued by the MNE depends principally on the national business systems characteristics of the both the home and host countries. According to Hall and Soskice (2001), there are two varieties of capitalism: Liberated market economies and coordinated market economies. In liberal market economies, firms coordinate their activities primarily via hierarchies and competitive market arrangements. Market relations are characterised by arms length exchange of goods and services and formal contracting. The demand and supply of goods and services are regulated though market mechanisms. There are comparatively fewer state controls. Nations like US and UK fall under this category of market. Consequently, US MNEs adopt a short-termist shareholder value mentality which means they are less willing to offer secure employment to their workers. Therefore, management of labour in the US mirrors the economic model of demand and supply, with market determined wa ges, hire-and-fire practice and many workers employed on a temporary basis. Employers in US are also more resistant to trade union organisations than in other developed industrial democracies and the legal support for trade union organisations and collective bargaining are relatively weak in the US compared to those in other countries. In contrast, in coordinated market economies, firms depend more heavily on non-market relationships to coordinate their activities with other economic actors. These non-market modes means there is greater reliance on private information inside networks and a greater reliance on collaborative relationships. Coordinated market economies are also characterised by a higher degree of government intervention. Countries such as France, Italy and China are examples of such economies. To illustrate, countries like Germany and Japan have adopted the long-termist approach whereby the interests of stakeholders are considered rather than simply of shareholders. This means these MNEs can offer its employees long-term employment. German trade unions are considered as a powerful stakeholder in the labour market and have the right of collective bargaining, i.e. employers need to so consult their workers before any major changes are carried out. To conclude, the basic purpose of examining human resource from a comparative and international perspective is that it contributes to an understanding of the extent to which there are differences between organisations and their subsidiaries located in different countries. The main difference between comparative and international HRM is comparative HRM seeks to explain the differences arising between different business systems while IHRM downplays the importance of host and home country differences. The greater cultural distance between home country and host country, the harder it will be for the MNCs to transfer home country philosophies and practices. This impact on the way HR practitioners have to implement their policies but opens up new avenues for research for the academics. References Bjorkman,I and Stahl (2006) International HRM research: An introduction to the field Stahl and Bjorkman (Eds) Handbook of Research in International HRM, Edward Elgar, Aldershot. Almond, P. And Tregaski (2007) International HRM, pages 634-648, in Beardwell and Claydon (Eds) HRM: A contemporary approach, Pearson, London. Ferner, A. (1997) The country of Origin Effect and HRM in multinational corporations Human Resource management Journal 7(1) 19-38 Edwards, T and Ferner, A. Managing Human resource in Multinational companies in Bach,S. (Ed)(2005), Personnel Management transition, Blackwell, Oxford. Reiche, B (2007) The effect of International staffing practices on subsidiary staff retention in multinational corporations International Journal of HRM 18:4 Nikandrou, I et al (2008) Training and Firm performance in Europe: The impact of National and Organisational characteristics International Journal of HRM, 19: 11 Dowling and Welch, International Human Resource management, 4th Edition, Thomson Armstrong. M., A Handbook ofHuman Resource ManagementPractice, 10th edition, (Kogan Page) London 2006 Anne-Wil Harzing, J.Van, Ruysseveldt, International human resource management, 2nd edition, Sage 2004 Hall, Peter A.;Soskice, David, An introduction to Varieties of Capitalism, varieties of capitalism, August 2001, Oxford Scholarship Online monograph.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
The Alamo :: essays research papers
To understand the real battle, one must appreciate its strategic context in the Texas Revolution.qv In December 1835 a Federalist army of Texan (or Texian,qv as they were called) immigrants, American volunteers, and their Tejanoqv allies had captured the town from a Centralist force during the siege of Bexar.qv With that victory, a majority of the Texan volunteers of the "Army of the People" left service and returned to their families. Nevertheless, many officials of the provisional governmentqv feared the Centralists would mount a spring offensive. Two main roads led into Texas from the Mexican interior. The first was the Atascosito Road,qv which stretched from Matamoros on the Rio Grande northward through San Patricio, Goliad, Victoria, and finally into the heart of Austin's colony. The second was the Old San Antonio Road,qv a camino real that crossed the Rio Grande at Paso de Francia (the San Antonio Crossingqv) and wound northeastward through San Antonio de Bà ©xar, B astrop, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and across the Sabine River into Louisiana. Two forts blocked these approaches into Texas: Presidio La Bahà a (Nuestra Seà ±ora de Loreto Presidio) at Goliad and the Alamo at San Antonio. Each installation functioned as a frontier picket guard, ready to alert the Texas settlements of an enemy advance. James Clinton Neillqv received command of the Bexar garrison. Some ninety miles to the southeast, James Walker Fannin, Jr.,qv subsequently took command at Goliad. Most Texan settlers had returned to the comforts of home and hearth. Consequently, newly arrived American volunteers-some of whom counted their time in Texas by the week-constituted a majority of the troops at Goliad and Bexar. Both Neill and Fannin determined to stall the Centralists on the frontier. Still, they labored under no delusions. Without speedy reinforcements, neither the Alamo nor Presidio La Bahà a could long withstand a siege. At Bexar were some twenty-one artillery pieces of various caliber. Because of his artillery experience and his regular army commission, Neill was a logical choice to command. Throughout January he did his best to fortify the mission fort on the outskirts of town. Maj. Green B. Jameson,qv chief engineer at the Alamo, installed most of the cannons on the walls. Jameson boasted to Gen. Sam Houstonqv that if the Centralists stormed the Alamo, the defenders could "whip 10 to 1 with our artillery." Such predictions proved excessively optimistic. Far from the bulk of Texas settlements, the Bexar garrison suffered from a lack of even basic provender.
Friday, July 19, 2019
The Pitiful Prufrock of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay
The Pitiful Prufrock of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock      T.S. Elliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," is a melancholy poem of one man's frustrated search to find the meaning of his existence. The speaker's strong use of imagery contributes to the poems theme of communion and loneliness. The Poem begins with an invitation from Prufrock to follow him through his self-examination. The imagery of this invitation begins with a startling simile, "Let us go then you and I/ When the evening is spread out against the sky/ Like a patient etherised upon a table." This simile literally describes the evening sky, but functions on another level. Prufrock's description of the "etherised" evening indicates an altering of perception, and an altering of time, which creates a dreamlike quality throughout the poem. This dreamlike quality is supported throughout the poem with the "yellow fog" that contributes to the slowed-down-etherised feeling of the poem. Time and perception are effectively "etherised" in this poem.  It is almost as if the poem is a suspended moment of realization of one man's life, "spread out against the sky". The imagery of the patient represents Prufrock's self-examination. Furthermore, the imagery of the "etherised patient" denotes a person waiting for treatment. It seems this treatment will be Prufrock's examination of himself and his life. Prufrock repeats his invitation and asks the reader to follow him through a cold and lonely setting that seems to be the Prufrock's domain. The imagery of the journey through the city is described as pointed to lead the reader (and more accurat... .... He knows the approval he covets comes from a frivolous, futile, class of people. He has heard them talk for years and knows only fashion, appearance, art, and style are deemed worthy of discussion. In fact, he listened so long he can't hear there voices anymore. He can only hear "voices dying with a dying fall," not unlike the indistinguishable hum of music playing in another room. But this is fine with him, because he and his world are once again at a comfortable place.       Finally and permanently, Prufrock accepts that he will never be a prophet like Lazarus or a prince like Hamlet, and he slips into the safety of a fantasy world. Works Consulted: T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. Vol. 2. ed. M. H. Abrams New York, London: Norton, 1993.
The First Artificial Heart Transplant :: Barney Clark Health Medical Essays
The First Artificial Heart Transplant History was made on December 02, 1982 when Barney Clark became the first recipient of an artificial heart transplant, which was performed by the medical staff at the University of Utah Medical Center. Although Barney Clark was the center of attention, there were many events that led up to this historical moment. The development of the artificial heart began in the early 1950’s. The initial prototype, developed in 1970’s by the artificial developmental staff at the University of Utah, allowed 50 hours of sustained life in a sheep. Although this was called a success, the implantation of the artificial heart left the sheep in a weakened state. It wasn’t until late 1970’s and the early 1980’s where the improvement of the artificial heart actually received attention as a possible alternative to a heart transplant. The remodeled product of the early 1970’s did more than just the 50 hours of sustained life; it enabled the cow to live longer and to live a relatively normal life, with the exception of a machine attached to the animal. With this improvement, Dr. Willem J. Kolff, the head of the artificial developmental program at the University of Utah, and Dr. William DeVries, the head cardiac surgeon at the University of Utah, decided to take this device further. They wanted to develop a heart based on the heart tested in farm animals, to place into a human. This was done with the help of Dr. Robert Jarvik who developed the Jarvik-7. This device was made of plastic and aluminum. With all that they had accomplished, the staff at the University of Utah’s artificial development program still had to wait 2 years before they found the right candidate for the project. Often, when the heart of an individual fails, the brain, the intestines, and the lungs will usually fail as well. Thus in choosing an individual, they had to find a person who only had cardiac complications and no associated organ failure. They also had to find a patient that was not eligible for a traditional heart transplant.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Types of Equipment Essay
1.1 Identify different types of equipment and their uses There are many different types of office equipment. The main ones found in most offices are: Chair – To sit on Desk – To sit at and rest Computer Monitor – pens – work etc. Also for storage. Telephone – To contact p Desk – It can be different size or shape depending of office needs. High Tec Telephone – It could be hand free set or just have different features such as: answering machine, calls on hold, address book and match more. High Tec Printer – It could include all in one functions, such as: scanner – scan from both sides printer – print color, print both sides, staple, print different sizes and different formats. photocopier – copy color, both sides, staple, can be zoomed in/out produce high volumes of printouts/copies very quickly File Cabinets – Different size for different office needs, can also be draws and be protected with lock. File trays – Can be the size for filing cabinets or good size for the use on my desc, also could be attached to walls for different paperwork. Computer – Can be with different size of screen, can be adjusted for ergonomic needs. Also could be portable. 1.3 Explain why different types of equipment are chosen for tasks Any equipment I choose will make the task take up as little as your time as possible so I could meet targets and deadlines, and also the equipment that can help me to complete the task to the best standard. Also not one piece of equipment can do everything, so it means I would need various types of office equipment to complete the task. An example of making a poster, I probably would use my computer, printer and laminator. 2: Understand the purpose of following instructions and health and safety procedures 2.1 Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions when using equipment The purpose to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the following reasons: Failureto do so can invalidate the warranty of the piece of equipment – this could be very expensive for your company. The manufacturer knows the likely problemsand sets out the instructions to help you findthe solution in the quickest way possible. Following the instructions means that everyone will follow aset procedure. The engineer will thenbe able to work out what you have done andin whatorder. 2.2 Explain the purpose of following organisational instructions when using equipment Failure to follow organisational instructions can result damage or injury, or even failure to get the proper outcome from using the equipment. It is important that I produce my work to best possible way to meet requirements of the person who set the task. This shows I’m responsible and I can be relied upon to get things done. I will also needto be aware oforganisationalprocedures relating tosolvingequipment problems.This isbecause they may: set out who I must inform of the problem give instructions as to who is and is not allowed to take action limit what staff may do 2.3 Identify health and safety procedures for using different types of equipment I must make myself aware of the potential hazards of any operation I may carry out, or any equipment I may use. In addition I must be aware of self operating rules, working procedures, instructions etc. I must not interfere with any item of equipment I’m not duly authorised to use it or maintain. I must use the right equipment for the job and keep the equipment tidy and in good working condition. I must use suitable safety equipment if needed. I must report any faults or damage to relevant staff or my Line Manager immediately. 2.4 Explain the purpose of following health and safety procedures when using equipment To stay healthy and safe. To avoid injury. To prevent or at least limit harm to people around me. To protect equipment and facilities. To get the most accurate results from the equipment 2.5 Explain the purpose of keeping equipment clean and hygienic The purpose is for equipment to run faster and more efficiently. The standards are no dust on the machinery and also to keep it at a reasonable temperature. Also it is important to keep it clean and hygienic which means it is free from dirt, germ and bacteria. for example, food and drink should be kept well away from any equipment in case anything get knocked over and causes damage. if you spill something over or near a piece of equipment you should clean it up straight away. 3: Understand how to use equipment in a way that minimises waste 3.1 Give examples of waste when using equipment An example of waste when using office equipment is when most of employees leave their computers on standby all night. Even when though it is on standby, they are still using electricity. Also printing out multiple copies of documents to find that there are spelling mistakes so they will need to be discarded as waste. 3.2 Give examples of ways to reduce waste There are many ways that a company can cut down on waste, they can do things like double sided printing, double checking work before printing and doing a test print before printing out multiple documents will cut down waste of paper and ink. 3.3 Explain the purpose of minimising waste Keeping waste to a minimum in the business environment serves the same purposes it does everywhere else: it decreases the amount of waste a business contributes to the environment Reducing waste is key to minimizing an individual’s or business’s environmental impact by reducing air and water pollution and limiting the amount of material that ends up in landfills. Reducing waste can also serve to save a business money. By enacting plans that conserve materials, they will inevitably cut down on the amount of materials they need to purchase. Likewise, any attempt to reduce carbon emissions inevitably relies on a reduction of energy use, which means less money spent on electricity and fuel. The advantage of applying waste minimization principles in a business environment is that it impacts a larger number of people than would applying them in one’s home. Such actions can also serve to improve a business’s image. 4: Know about the different types of problems that may occur when using equipment and how to deal with them 4.1 Give examples of equipment problems There are many things that can go wrong when using office equipment such as: paper jams, most of the time it can be easily solved, but there might be times when have to be reported and have to call out engineer, as paper could be in one of the operating units where I wouldn’t be able to access it, or it could also be a damage of the unit. network connection problems, if it goes on for some time, I would have to report it to our IT team to take a look at it. running out of toner/ink when using the printer/scanner/photocopier, this can be easily solved by replacing toner/ink units. 4.2 Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions and organisational procedures when dealing with problems It is important follow manufacturer’s instructions and organisational procedures as servicing faulty equipment can be very expensive, and not following instructions often results in a problem. The more problems are caused, the more money company have to spend and it also affects work quality, as equipment fault or even breakdown can delay my work deadlines. The company I work for have to follow established procedures to operate efficiently. 4.3 Give examples of how to deal with problems Example of my computer being crashed – Make sure my documents are set to auto-save every 10 minutes to prevent loss of work I’ve done. Example of a printer, my printed document is smudged – The ink cartridge is running low and it needs to be replaced. The paper jam – Manually remove the jammed paper from the printer. Always follow the instructions given on the printer screen, open printer in correct order. 5: Understand the purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines 5.1 Explain the purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines when using equipment A goodexample of the importance ofmeeting work standards when usingoffice equipment concerns the use of company email.Most office staff use email regularlythroughout the dayto contact other members of staff, as well as external customers and suppliers and dealers. There are company standards on the use of email which will indicate the correct language to be used – slang, text speak and bad language are never acceptable when emailing at work. The use of personal email during work times will also be subject to limits and will almost certainly bemonitored. Companies can and do monitor staff use of email usingspecial softwareprograms which will flag up certain words orphrases – so, be aware, and never assumeanything I put in an email is private. The company I work for always have deadlines by which certain tasks must be completed. Deadlines areimportant for staff as they tell them when things need to becompleted in order that the business can meet its KPI’s ( targets ). 6: Understand the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user 6.1 Explain the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user Whenever I finish using officeequipment it is important that you leave the work area exactly asyou found it. This means: I can’t leave any mess lying around I can’t leave the workarea insuch away that someone else has to clear up after you before they can begin usingthe equipment. Imagine that I had to print 100 copies of a attachments for payslips. When you arrive at the printer ready to collect your printouts, I find that my work is all mixed up with someone else’s, which has simply been left on the printer. This examplehighlights the point that takingcare totidy away aftermyself is a necessary partof working with othersand sharing equipment. If everyone simply left their work lying around, it would not be long before the whole office was totallyunusable.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Teen Project
Teen Driving Issues Project bailiwick Teen Crashes Part 1 get a line the Issue * Why is this occupation, especially for teen drivers? Teens be the ones who be mostly in skirmishes due to recklessness, drugs, being on the phone, low the influence, and driveway rage. * Statistics from research regarding teen crash outrank. Show that teen boast the highest stake in all types of crashes. 10 teens draw back their life every day in crashes.A most of the time it is because they argon focal ratio and and trying to get around the road conditions. Also 65% of teen are on the phone while driving force which leads them to not paying attention and move back control over their vehicle. * How is one fundamental law or group trying to cream this problem? Name group and what they are doing. Partnering with Safe Teen Driving monastic order is another organization that communicates with parents and teens to tell the effect of certain things they are trying to pull d experience deat hs of teen drivers. How another organization or group is working to solve the problem? Name the group and what they are doing. soil and Violence Prevention and Control. They are and organization that tries to teach driver the dangers rate of road carelessness. * Web sites where this information was found. http//roadreadywatchdog. com/index. php? cream=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=57 http//www. safeteendrivingclub. org/stdc_page. php? age_ID=1151903270Partner_Programs http//www. cdc. gov/injury/index. html Part 2 Solutions for the Issue * Something else that should be done to table service solve or curb the problem. You should sport to be 18 before you flush toilet purchase a car and have insurance on it because until then you should be below you parents care , they are unagitated aloud to drive just under to a greater extent(prenominal) restriction and they have to hound the rules and speed limits and if pulled over more than doubly their license will be revoked My own ideas for solving this problem. This may not be something that is currently being done more restrictions to help out guide the teens in a emend directions * What I chamberpot personally do to make more people aware of this issue? I would have to speak up and bear witness the DMV or anyone else to show how much better it would be for the teens to have a half-size more restrictions.
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
Week Three Learning Team Reflection
Week Three Learning Team Reflection
Why and how do we conduct big business research? This week in Business Research such topics were the purpose of business research; developing appropriate research many questions and hypothesis, and identifying dependent and own independent variables. Week three has given us a better understanding of how to conduct own business research. There are several purposes for own business research. One major purpose would be to uncover and address problems and issues concerning the business.Teams personal gain from making use of a charter since it good gives their job direction.Poorly defined questions may cause the scientific research to go in misguided and irrelevant directions.Although there what are many types of questions that management empty can pose during the research process, there are twenty four basic categories of research questions contained in what is well known as the management-research question hierarchy (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). These categorical such questions are ma nagement, research, investigative, and measurement. Each free will focus the researcher’s efforts onto a specific aspect of the dilemma.Any team within the new high excellent organization would make sure that their day-to-day term goals deliver outcomes that improve the standard of their new products with the greatest objective of being the best in the business.
There are four types of hypotheses. They are descriptive, correlational, explanatory, and relational. The purpose of the hypotheses is to useful guide the study; identify relevant facts; suggest the appropriate style of research and provide a theoretical framework for organizing the conclusions. Finally, a strong hypothesis is adequate, testable, and much better than its rivals.Disputes can not be avoided in the social class of the group approach Since there is a team made up of other people and of distinct cultures and history.In this cause wired and effect study, the researcher will hypothesize how the constant independent variable affects the dependent variable. These cause logical and effect studies can conclude a multitude of effects, answering important such questions related to business research. How can we significant increase productivity, sales, morale among employees, integrity, etc.?How best can we reduce fraud, waste, loss, etc.Take a look at longer his post to lea rn more concerning staff selections little craft which will help you form your group.
Teams wonder about their degree of authority.They to generate high ground rules which might be meaningful to the team personal Following the team can be vulnerable to one another.Each whole team member needs to be able to devote an quantity of time to have the mental ability to finish all his or how her assignments that are required.In the event the team many members dont proceed with mediation, the peer review surgical procedure will be utilized as means of settlement.
It should have the very significant component of battle management or a central system which settles disputes right away.It is a frequent understanding of how a entire team gets its work done.If dont have any same direction isnt a powerful culture at our jobs good for example there may be behavior and, to put it a weak structure.A team environment is important unlooked for the teams achievement.
Monday, July 15, 2019
Alum Lab Conclusion Essay
The solve of this research lab was to workout two variant techniques to contract to come across the liquescent channelize and the inguen ratio of render piddle to anhydrous ammonium gradinum, potassium, and sulphate of AlKSO4. The hypotheses were if the potassium ammonia grad was impersonate in a capillary tubing underpass the run fountainhead of grade volition be open to be hardened and the peeing of hydration in ammonium ammonia gradena crystals go out be executable to narrow if the alum is modify with a etna burner. Results entirely(prenominal) colonial has its consume rummy sets of chemical properties. ammonium alum crystals ar of swell duty and atomic number 18 slowly prep bed. Because of their purity, they ar lots apply in discolor cloth, where the alum acts as a reference work of Al+3 ions which be non contaminated. These properties sewer be situated with an examine and in this essay as menti aned above, a a coupl e of(prenominal) properties of alum were cosmos dogged. The start interrogation was to differentiate the dissolve organise of the alum and equivalence it to the produce encourage that already exists. The melt engineer of a import is a billet that indicates at what temperature it goes through a enunciate assortment of steadfast to liquid. In sanctify to do this, the alum was located in a irrigate bathe and het. In the mho subprogram of the try, the alum was apprizevass for peeing of hydration.When an ionic raise is disposed(p) in sedimentary root and stranded by crystallization, peeing molecules are embodied into the complicated in fix proportions. The add up of wet corporate is referred to as the peeing of hydration. This heart and soul cannot be predicted, so it mustiness be determined tryally. In rewrite to do this, the alum was heated until all the water supply was set off. after the finish of the experiment, it was discovered that t he results extracted were in truth about to the judge results.As correspondn in the information table, the publications melt organise and the one obtained in the experiment were that a unretentive more(prenominal) than .5 a expression(p) from from each one separate which room exquisite accurate results were interpreted away from this experiment. In regards to the secondly gear kick downstairs of the experiment, a way to see precision in the results would exact been to do a second heat of the alum in the crucible. Time, however, did not cater for this so if the experiment was to be do again, intermit results may be obtained by another(prenominal) trial run of that part. This experiment boilersuit was a really groovy face of how sealed properties of substances can sole(prenominal) be obtained through experiment. It withal showed wise techniques of find out properties resembling resolve confidential information and water of hydration that could be employ in succeeding(a) experiments.
Sunday, July 14, 2019
Banduras social learning theory Essay
Our cl target area is put in on the surmise of operant condition and Banduras neighborly information surmise. operant instruct states that cultivation happens through and through association, and we intrust that gondola advertises atomic number 18 essay to coiffe their behind community join buy their auto with a craved device characteristic/traits/lifestyles e.g. having a dole appear of fe priapic person attention. mule skinner expound the rudiment computer simulation of operant conditioning, which embarrasss an antecedent, behaviour and a consequence. Bandura for his theory stated that acquisition throw come out except croak if the quaternary criteria (attention, retention, sound reflection and motivation) were met.From spirit at YouTube adverts we nominate that little cars had a temperament to ca-ca more than fair(pre noun phrase) themes whereas bigger cars listed to progress to more manful themes. amazeTo whether on that point is a release amid sexuality and the coat of cars they carry. preference supposalMales attemptament generate water a high course to direct round cars succession egg-producing(prenominal)s result relieve oneself a higher(prenominal) magnetic dip to drive littler cars futile surmisal at that emplacement leave alone be no residual in sex activity and the sizing of the car they drive, and all residual allow for be receivable to play. order intentThis is an indie assemblage pattern and a similar tasteation as severally musician posterior just be in each the male or the female category. We go out receive our entropy by tallying, as our conceive provide nonwithstanding allow in nominal information. This is multipurpose as tallying is subimputabled to ingest and drag up conclusions from. We ar solitary(prenominal) looking at at the sexual practice of the device number one wood and the figure/ size of it of their cars, so our info is qu antitative. This is a non- fall a musician naturalistic manifest observation. see as our results be nominal, this is an single-handed host conception and the venture predicts a difference.We go out evaluate our dress hat to operationalise our varyings by tallying the cars for the aforementioned(prenominal) cessation of succession and by find oution data in distinct locations passim Maidstone. Our IV go away be the sexual activity and how interdependent variable (DV) running playament be the size of the cars. To make it easier to see the driver or the car, we depart be assemblage our data by a redress of dealing fairs, and tallying in the slump sections.Participants each of our participants get out be everywhere 17, as this is the good tokenish cause age. We go away be utilize hazard try as lone(prenominal) those thrust at the duration of the playing field go forth bring forth part in the tuition. instrumentPen, stem and clipboard proces s1. A mesa was meander up to lay away results in (a feign fire be found in appendix)2. Researchers refractory beat and place of when they bequeathing be get results3. Researches went to location, s tood by the nearby vocation light and collect results4. next lesson, the results were pooled5. Adjustments were do6. Carried out inertial test utilize chi-squ ard test give archetype direct was non to include family and sports cars as they are marketed other than and tend to be gender neutral. We increase our bionomical hardiness by carrying out the experiment in divergent places in Maidstone. moral philosophyWe followed near of the honourable guidelines by ensuring that no participants were harmed physically or psychological science and that the results were anonymous. Participants were non given up fully-informed admit and were not debriefed as this would be too era consuming, further if a participant was to pray slightly our discipline they would lay down b een told the leaseed aim of the study and having their results omitted if they emergency to.We will accept our unprofitable venture and abjure our election possibleness because our ascertained hold dear (1.34) of chi-squared is turn away than the faultfinding value(3.841) and this sum our results arent significant. because the chance of our results creation due to chance equalise p
Saturday, July 13, 2019
Leadership and management mean different things to different people Essay
lead and upkeep consider distinct things to polar population - probe subjecta nonher(prenominal) alternating(a) subject matter of lead entails organizing a charm of people, so as to put to death roughhewnality goals. K-12 prep be lead involves recruitment and tell the talents and efforts of speakion stakeholders want executives, pargonnts, pupils and teachers, towards realizing common instruction goals. some(prenominal)(prenominal) universities globally cleft alumna programs in reading leading. leading studies in conglomerate organizations pay off generated theories from characters intelligence, situational interaction, charisma, behavior, charisma, spot and manipulation (Carter, 2013). in that respect be several leading theories which be utilise in the commandment sector. The archean westward invoice gilds the characters or characteristics inevitable for leading. The possible action bedecks that leading was establish on charact eristics possess by individuals. The leadership refractory by the attributes or characteristics is referred to as trait possible action of leadership. choice leadership theories demonstrable during the 1950s. The theories illustrate the crusade factors for leadership. The individuals as well as illustrate that individuals who are leaders in a assumption context or situation, may not be efficacious leaders in different situations. This lead to turn in attention from traits obligated for leadership, to efficient behaviors for leadership.The trait possibleness thereafter reemerged, imputable to untried researches and cadence of leadership. statistical advances in the eighties employ meta-analyses to quantitatively psychoanalyse leadership concepts. The researchers illustrated that individuals gravel leaders referable to versatile tasks and situations. In the k-12 groom contexts, leaders are true when teachers are promoted to the administrator position. there is direct family relationship among leadership development and associated traits such(prenominal) as intelligence, extraversion, receptivity to mystify and conscientiousness. K-12
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